According to the Federal Reserve’s Beige Book, overall, prices rose at a moderate to strong pace, with most districts reporting a higher rate of inflation than in the previous report. Districts noted that energy costs related to the Middle East conflict were the main driver of inflationary pressures, with effects spilling over into shipping, packaging, groceries, and fertilizers. Non-labor costs continued to rise faster than selling prices, raising broader concerns about margin compression. The ability of businesses to pass on higher costs varied across industries, particularly among consumer-facing companies. Some districts noted that firms in several areas have adopted strategies to cope with inflation, including supply chain optimization, product adjustments, reducing supply, and temporarily absorbing higher costs to maintain customer demand.