According to a July report by the Mokha Center for Strategic Studies, the Houthis' parallel economic system generates approximately $2.5 billion annually through taxes, customs, religious alms, and other levies. The US Treasury Department alleged in January that the Houthis generate over $2 billion annually through illicit oil sales, primarily from Iran. Economic researchers view the Houthis' restructuring of Yemen's commercial sector, including revoking licenses of 4,225 commercial agencies, as a deliberate effort to seize companies and shift capital in their favor, despite the Houthis' claims of encouraging domestic production and simplifying regulations. This extensive revenue network operates amidst a deepening humanitarian crisis in Houthi-controlled areas and across Yemen, where 22.3 million people require assistance.