Philip R. Lane, Chief Economist of the European Central Bank (ECB), stated in an interview with Le Temps that after a second wave of energy price increases, the energy shock is expected to last longer, inflation may remain high for an extended period, and is projected to fall back to the target level starting from mid-2027. He noted that despite a period of optimism following the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the United States and Iran on June 17, oil and gas prices are now rising again, and geopolitical risks have re-escalated. Lane also mentioned that while government spending and AI development have a positive impact on the economy, an intensified energy shock would hinder economic growth.