Goldman Sachs' latest research report indicates that, under a baseline assumption of a 15% annualized return on invested capital (ROIC), six major US hyperscale cloud service providers—Alphabet, Microsoft, Amazon, Meta, Oracle, and SpaceX—would need to collectively generate approximately $1.42 trillion in revenue between 2028 and 2030 to justify their estimated AI hashrate capital expenditures of about $1.73 trillion from 2026 to 2027. The report also notes that as of Q2 2026, the top three public cloud service providers have accumulated approximately $1.69 trillion in contract backlog, significantly exceeding Goldman Sachs' calculated threshold of $1.00 trillion, providing substantial support for future monetization potential.