Al Jazeera reports that Balkan countries' relationships with Israel are driven by domestic calculations, transactional diplomacy, and unresolved identity politics, rather than a shared vision for the Middle East. Experts note that these countries have almost no common positions, with each pursuing its own interests. For instance, Bosnia and Herzegovina's stance reflects ethno-national divisions, Serbia blends defence economics with foreign policy, while Kosovo and Albania anchor their policies to security alliances with Washington. Croatia's foreign policy on Gaza is paralyzed by an executive rift.