The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) stated in a parliamentary reply that it requires banks to provide clear channels for customers to report unauthorized transactions and handle disputes fairly, including prompt investigations and not requiring customers to pay for disputed transactions pending outcome. MAS highlighted that payment card schemes protect customers, generally exempting them from liability for unauthorized transactions if merchants do not enable the 3-D Secure (3DS) protocol, in which case the merchant bears the loss. For unresolved disputes, customers can escalate to the Financial Industry Disputes Resolution Centre (FIDReC) for independent and affordable resolution without legal representation.